Beta-glucans found in certain fungi are thought to have anticancer properties. In Japan, mushroom-derived extracts rich in beta-glucans have been used for over 20 years in intravenous forms and are approved for use as adjuncts to chemotherapy.

Other beta-glucans, such as beta-D-glucan, can play an important role in the diagnosis of toxic mycosis caused by fungi that contain such compounds, such as Candida and Aspergillus species.

Beta-glucan is also promoted as dietary supplement for weight loss. These claims are not well supported by research although beta-glucan (like other soluble fibers) has some effect on effective glycemic index and insulin response.